英语副词有无-ly的差异

一、词义完全不同的同源副词，常见的有：hard, hardly; late, lately; most, mostly; direct, directly; short, shortly; clear, clearly; pretty, prettily等。这两种副词形式含义完全不同，所以，句子意思有明显差异。

第1组：hard努力；hardly几乎不

He works hard all day.他整天都在努力地干活。

He hardly works at all.他几乎不干活。

第2组：late迟到；lately最近

You have come too late.你来得太晚了。

Have you seen him lately?你最近见到过他吗？

第3组：most最；mostly大部分

The person who talks most is often the one who does least.说得最多的人常常干得最少。

The audience consisted mostly of women.观众大部分是女的。

第4组：direct径直；directly率直；立刻

The next flight dose not go direct to Tokyo; it goes by way of Shanghai.下趟航班不直接飞东京，而是绕道上海。

She answered me very directly and openly. 她非常坦率地，开门见山地答复了我。

I will telephone you directly I hear the news. 我一听到消息，马上打电话给你。

第5组：short突然；shortly不久

The rider pulled his horse up short.骑手突然一下子把马勒住。

According to observers, the plane exploded shortly after take-off. 据目击者说，飞机起飞后不久就爆炸了。

第6组：clear完全地；clearly清楚地

She read the book clear to the end within two hours. 她在两个小时里就把书从头到尾全读    They dealt with the problem justly. 他们公正地处理了这个问题。

第12组：right恰恰； rightly正确地

He is ill. Please send for a doctor right now. 他病了，请快去请个医生来。

I can't rightly say what happened.我说不准确到底发生了什么事。

二、还有一类同源副词，词义大致相同，至少没有第一类的区别那么明显，而且翻译成汉语时用词也很接近。但不带后缀-ly的副词往往表示具体的概念，说明动作或状况有可测性和可见性；而含有后缀-ly的副词往往表示抽象的概念，是“看不见，摸不着”的程度或方式。这类-ly副词往往是引申义，带有一定的感情色彩，而且多用于比较级，如修饰动词，一般放在它们前面。

这类副词主要有wide, widely; close, closely; high, highly; deep, deelply; low, lowly; tight, tightly。

第1组：high高地；highly高度地

Do you see that butterfly flying high above the flower?你是否看见那只蝴蝶在花上方高高飞舞着？

The distinguished guests were highly praised.贵宾们受到了高度赞扬。

第2组：wide宽大地；widely范围广地

Open your mouth wide when you pronounce this sound. 发这个音时，嘴要张大。

We were widely different on many questions.我们在许多问题上分歧很大。

第3组：close紧靠着；closely密切地

She stood close against the wall.她紧挨着墙站着。

The police were watching him closely.警察在密切监视他。

第4组：low低矮；lowly程度低

The bird is now flying quite low.鸟儿现在飞得非常低。

Lowly added products, especially daily consumer goods, require high consumption of energy.低附加值的产品, 尤其是日用消费品都是高耗能的.

第5组：deep深处；deeply深切地

They had to dig deep to reach water.他们挖得很深才挖到水。

第4组：easy（用于某些固定表达），easily容易地，轻松地

Well, these things are easier said than done.可说起来容易,做起来难啊。

Don't worry about the matter, take it easy. 别担心那件事,放轻松一点。

We easily climbed down the side of the cliff. 我们很容易地从悬崖边上爬下来了。

第5组：fair（用于某些固定表达），fairly公正地；相当地

We play fair with him if he plays fair with us. 如果他光明正大地对待我们，我们也就光明正大地对待他。

I think I was quite fairly treated by the police. 我认为警察对我非常公正。

His general state of health is fairly satisfactory. 他总的健康状况相当令人满意。

第6组：dead, deadly完全地，非常地

You can be dead sure of my innocence. 你完全可以相信我是无辜的。

He is deadly serious about his work. 他对他的工作非常认真。

第7组：sharp, sharply突然地，急剧地

Do not cross the bridge but turn sharp left to go down on to the towpath.不要过桥，向左急转弯开到坡下的纤道上去。

The latest survey shows buying plans for homes are sharply lower than in June.最近的调查表明计划买房的人数与6月份相比骤减。

第8组：straight, straightly直接地，径直地

You can go straight to the zoo by bus你乘公共汽车就可以直接到达动物园。

The young man sits and does not move even his eyes, looking straightly at the floor.年轻人静静的坐着甚至连目光都没有丝毫挪动, 只是笔直的注视着面前的地板。

第9组：quick, quickly快速地，迅速地

Come quick. Something terrible has happened!快来呀! 出了可怕的事情啦!

You'd better clear out quickly; it's dangerous to stay here any longer. 你还是赶快离开这里,

在必修二第2单元有这样一句话：I lived in what you call “Ancient Greece.” 意思是：我生活在你们所说的“古希腊”。从句子意思看，what不像是疑问，不能译成“什么东西”。那么，what究竟是什么意思呢？

我们首先看一下what在句中的作用：

充当疑问代词，引导特殊疑问句：What are you going to talk about?

充当连接代词，引导名词性从句：I don’t know what you are going to talk about.

以上两种情况，what仍然表示“什么”，含有疑问的意思。

what 除了充当“疑问代词”和“连接代词”以外，还有一个非常重要的用法，就是英语语法所说的“复合关系代词”，但是，当它充当“复合关系代词”时，则没有疑问的含义。这个句子中的what就具有这种用法。这就是所谓的“复合关系代词”：一个what本身，充当了先行词和关系代词两个角色。

请看下面两个句子：

(1) We must do what the teacher tells us to do. 我们必须做老师叫我们做的事情。

(2) He isn't what he was ten years ago.他现在不是十年前的那个他了。

句 (1) 中的what 实际上就等于everything that，表示“物”；句 (2) 中的what实际上就等于 the person that，表示“人”。这就是what 的复合关系代词用法，它既充当了先行词，又充当了关系代词；既可以表示“物”，也可以表示“人”。what引导的这个句子是名词性从句，因为它起的作用就相当于一个名词。又如：

在必修三第3单元中也有这样一个句子：… his eyes stare at what is left of the brothers' dinner on the table.他的眼睛注视着兄弟俩饭桌上的残羹剩饭。该句中，what 实际上等于 the food that，其中，what is left of the brothers' dinner on the table. 是stare at的宾语，而what又作了宾语从句的主语。以下表达和理解一点问题没有，但是，不如原句精炼：...his
eyes
stare
at
the
food
of
the
brothers'
dinner
that
is
left

on
the
table. 这样改写一下就好理解了。

在I lived in what you call “Ancient Greece.”句中，what引导的这个句子是名词性从句，做in的宾语；而what又充当了call的宾语，Ancient Greece是宾语补足语。

what you call还可以有被动语态，即what is called，译为“（你们）所说的，所谓的”。从汉语翻译角度看，可以把what you call或what is called当成定语来翻译。下面列举一些常见的句子，仔细体味其中的涵义：

He is what you call a “walking dictionary”. 他就是你所谓的“活字典”。

It depends on what you call normal. 这要看你觉得什么是正常。

That's what you call a cultural difference. 那就是你所谓文化上的不同。

What you call emotion or feeling is the connective between us. 你们所谓的感觉和情感正    What is called fate is the inevitability. 命运即是必然性。

Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice. 袁博士种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻”的稻种。

That is what is called easy money, but easy come easy go. 所谓倘来之物, 易来易去。

He is what is called a poet. 他就是所谓的诗人。

In brief, Lydgate was what is called a successful man. 总之, 利德盖特是我们所说的飞黄腾达的人。

The WTO also supervises an agreement on what is called intellectual property. 世贸组织同时还监督一项叫做知识产权协议的履行。

Many artists today are in what is called applied art. 今天的许多艺术家都是所谓的应用艺术家。

What is called atomic energy is actually nuclear energy. 所谓的原子能就是核能。

The result is what is called Anglo-Saxon or Old English. 结果是所谓的盎格鲁-撒克逊语或是古代英语。

Einstein's general theory of relativity is what is called a classical theory. 爱因斯坦的相对论被称为一种经典理论。

That is what is called Newton's law. 那就是通常所说的牛顿定律。

The outcome of the incident is what is called “there is no story without coincidences.” 这件事的结局真所谓 “无巧不成书”。

Making money is also labor. This is what is called socialism with Chinese characteristics. 赚钱也是劳动。这就叫有中国特色的社会主义。

These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system. 这九大行星和太阳一起构成我们所说的太阳系。

He is very interested in what are called popular songs. 他对所谓的流行歌曲很感兴趣。