英语非谓语语法功能差异讲解

英语非谓语语法功能差异讲解

不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词语法功能的异同

非谓语动词的语法功能对照表：

1)    作主语的区别

例题（一）：

1. Sometimes         to place physics and chemistry into separate categories.

  A. that is difficult        B. is difficult        C. it is difficult        D. that it is difficult

2. The teachers don't know         to start and run a school.

  A. what it takes        B. what they take        C. what does it take        D. what takes

3. It is wise           the experiment that way.

A. of him to do         B. for him to do        C. of his doing        D. that he do

4. It is no use ____ me not to worry。

A） you tell     B） your telling     C） for you to have told      D）having told

5. It is no good ____ remember grammatical rules。 You need to practise what you have learned。

A） trying to      B） to try to      C） try to      D） tried to

6. It was impolite of him ____without ____good－bye。

A） to leave,   saying   B） leaving， to say   C） to leave， to say   D） leaving， saying

2)    作宾语的区别

                    ①    在有些动词之后只能跟不定式作宾语。

I offer to help him, but he refused.

                    ②    在有些动词或动词词组之后只能带动词-ing形式作宾语。

He left the office as soon as possible, in order to avoid meeting his manager.

                    ③    下列动词之后，即可跟不定式作宾语，又可跟动词-ing形式作宾语，含义有细微差别

love, like, hate, prefer, dislike

表经常性的、习惯性的行为多用动词-ing形式作这类动词的宾语；表具体、某次特定的、带将来意味的行为多用不定式作这类动词的宾语。

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.   （前者表经常性的行为，后者表示一次性的具体行为）

begin, start, continue

如强调“有意识”行为，多跟动词-ing形式作宾语；如强调“无意识”行为，多跟不定式作宾语；

当这三个词用于进行时态时，后面跟不定式为佳；

当这三个词之后跟表示“精神状态或心理活动”的词时，只能跟不定式作宾语。

I started learning English when I was ten.   （表示有意识的行为）

It began to rain when I got home last night.   （表示无意识的行为）

The bus is starting to run.   （进行时，跟不定式）

I continue to feel sick.   （表心理活动）

I begin to doubt his honesty.   （表心理活动）

want, need, require

句型 sb/sth want / need/ require doing意为“某人/某物需要……”。动词-ing形式与句子主语在逻辑上含动宾关系，用主动形式表被动含义，此句之中的doing可用to be done代替。

My bike needs repairing. = My bike needs to be repaired.

The old man requires looking after. = the old man requires to be looked after.

句型 sb want / need/ require to do意为“某人想要干……”。不定式与句子主语在逻辑上含主谓关系。

She wants to talk with me.

remember to do sth 记住要做某事（不定式表示行为尚未发生）

remember doing sth记得做过某事（动词-ing形式表示行为已经发生）

Remember to meet me tonight.     记得今晚来接我（动作尚未发生）

I remember being taken to Beijing when I was a child.   （动作已发生）

forgot to do sth 忘记了要做某事（不定式表示行为尚未执行）

forgot doing sth忘记了做过某事（动词-ing形式表示行为已经执行）

The light in the office is still on. I forgot to turn it off last night.   

I’ll never forget seeing the musical comedy in New York.

regret to do sth 对要做的事感到抱歉（不定式表示行为紧跟在regret之后发生）

regret doing sth后悔做过某事（动词-ing形式表示行为发生在regret之前）

I forget to inform you that you are dismissed.   我很遗憾地告诉你，你被解雇了。

I regret not having taking his advice.   我后悔没有听他的劝告。

try to do sth 尽力做某事，努力做某事（不定式表示设法完成某种困难较大的事）

try doing sth试着做某事（动词-ing形式强调方法是否得当，看看会发生什么）

He tried to improve his English.     他努力地提高英语水平。

Let’s try doing it some other way.     我们换别的方法试试看。

can’t help (to) do sth   不能帮忙做……

can’t help doing sth   情不自禁地……

I’m sorry. I can’t help (to) clean the windows.     对不起，我不能帮忙擦窗子了。

He couldn’t help laughing when he heard the news.    听到那个消息时，他情不自禁地笑了。

go on to do sth （已做完一件事）接着做（另一事）

go on doing sth   继续做同一件事

Having washed the clothes, mother went on to sweep the floor.   洗完衣服后，妈妈接着扫地。

They went on working in the fields after dark.    天黑后，他们仍继续在田里干活。

stop to do sth   （停止一件事）接着做（另一事）

stop doing sth   停止做某事

After a long walk, they stopped to have lunch at a restaurant.     

It’s time for class. Please stop talking.

mean to do sth   打算干……（主语为人）

mean doing sth   做某事意味着干……（主语为物）

I had meant to come earlier.    我本打算早点来。

Missing this train means waiting for another hour.

练习（一）

1. The Homestead Act of 1862     B      to acquire land at a small cost.

  A. made possible      B. made it possible      C. made the possibility      D. possibly made

2. I have no choice but____C____his order to finish my task ahead of time.

  A. obey       B. obeying     C. to obey       D. obeyed

3. Sandy could do nothing but ____A____ to his teacher that he was wrong.

  A. admit        B. admitted        C. admitting     D. to admit

4. She pretended ___A____ me when I passed by.   

   A. not to see        B. not seeing         C. to not see         D. having not seen

5. He is looking forward to ____ his holiday in Britain。

A） spend      B） have spent     C） spending       D）having been spending

6. “Why were you so late for work today？”“____ to the office was very slow this morning because of the traffic。”

A） Driving       B） I drove     C） To drive      D） That I drove

7. He kept ____to his parents。

A） putting off to write   B） to put off to write   C） putting off writing   D） to put off writing

8. No one can avoid ____ by advertisements。

A） to be influenced     B） being influenced   C） influencing      D）having influenced

9. They are considering ____ before the prices go up。

A） of buying the house   B） with buying the house

C） buying the house      D） to buy the house

10. If I had remembered ____ the door, the things would not have been stolen。

A） to lock       B） locking      C） to have locked      D）locked

11. My transistor radio isn‘t working。 It ____。

A） need repairing      B） needs to repair     

C） needs repairing      D） need to be repaired

12. I really appreciate ____ to help me， but I am sure that I can manage by myself.

A） you to offer    B） that you offer   C） your offering    D） that you are offering

13. The suspect at last admitted ____ stolen goods but denied ____ them。

A） receiving…selling      B） to receive…to sell

C） to receiving…to selling     D） to have received…to have sold

14. Please stop ____， boys， I have something important to ____ you。

A） saying …talk B） telling …say   C） talking …speak D） talking … tell

15. Tony, would you go and see if Sam has any difficulty ____ his tape recorder？

A） to fix B） fixing C） for fixing D） fix

16. John regretted ____ to the meeting last week。

A） not going    B） not to go   C） not having been going    D） not to be going

17. Do you feel like ____ out or would you rather ____ dinner at home？

A） going…to have   B） to go…to have   C） to go…having   D） going…have

18. We had some trouble ____ the house and nobody seemed ____where it was。

A） in finding…knowing      B） finding…to know

C） to find…knowing         D） to find…to know

19. We suggested ____ in hotels but the children were anxious ____ out。

A） sleeping…to camp     B） sleeping…camping

C） to sleep…to camp      D） to sleep…camping

20. The match was cancelled because most of the members ____ a match without a standard court。

A） objected to having      B） were objected to have

C） objected to have        D） were objected to having

21. After ____ him better， I regretted ____ him unfairly。

A） getting to know…to judge     B） getting to know…to have judged

C） getting to have know…judging    D） getting to know…having judged

3)    作宾语补足语的区别

不定式，动词-ing形式和过去分词都可以做宾语补足语，有时由其前面的动词来决定选用哪一种形式作补语。有些感官动词和使役动词之后可以接三种结构作宾语补足语。

                    ①    如果作补语的非谓语动词与其前宾语含主谓关系，则可用不定式或动词-ing形式。

在使役动词之后的不定式表示动作已经发生，动作的全过程已经结束，还可表示将来的动作或经常性的动作。

I saw him go upstairs.   (him与go含主谓关系，表示看见他上楼整个过程)

They often have me clean the house. (me与clean含主谓关系，表示经常性的动作)

I’ll get him to clean the house. (him与clean含主谓关系，表示将来的动作)

动词-ing形式多强调动作正在发生或进行。

I saw him going upstairs.   (him与going含主谓关系，表示看见他上楼的情景)

Don’t have your horse running so fast.   (horse与running含主谓关系，表示动作正在进行)

                    ②    如果作补语的非谓语动词与其前宾语含动宾关系，则用过去分词。

He had his hair cut yesterday.   (cut与hair含动宾关系)

He found the window broken. (broken与window含动宾关系)

练习（一）

1. The teacher had the students      A      their homework every day.

A. do         B. to do        C. done        D. doing

2. I remember ____C___him _______the bike needed __________.

  A. hearing, saying, to repair        B. to hear, say, to repair

  C. hearing, say, to be repaired     D. to hear, saying, repairing

3. Mrs Smith warned her daughter ____A____ after drinking.   

  A. never to drive     B. to never drive   C. never driving     D. never drive

4. Mark often attempts to escape ____ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

A）having been fined    B） to have been fined   C） to be fined    D） being fined

练习（二）

1. Can you get the machine_go_________( go ) again?

2. Can you get the machine___repaired_______( repair )?

3. They found the film very__moving________( move ).

4. They found the students __moved________( move) by the film.

5. The customer was caught ___stealing_______ (steal )at the shop.

6. He had his dictionary __stolen________ ( steal ) the other day.

3)    作表语的区别

练习（一）

1. My dream is __________ an outstanding architect after graduation.

  A. to becoming    B. become    C. becoming    D. to become

练习（二）

1. The visitor looked___surprised_______( surprise ) on hearing the news.

2. The news sounded_ surprising_ _______( surprise ).

3. The journey was really ___tiring_______(tire), and the tourists were all__tired________( tire ).

4)    作定语的区别

练习（一）

1. I got out some more chairs for the other guests      B      .

A. to sit        B. to sit on        C. sit on        D. sit

2. He was the first      B      and the last              .

A. arriving, leaving        B. to arrive, to leave        

C. arrive, leave            D. for arriving, fo leaving

3. My grandfather seems to have a lot ___D____.

   A.worry about   B.to worrying about   C.to be worried    D.to worry about

4. The play     C       next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.   

    A. produced                       B. being produced           

C. to be produced                  D. having been produced

练习（二）

1. He said the dictionary was new, but it was a __used________( use ) one.

2. The car__driven________(drive ) carelessly knocked down an old man.

3. The driver__driving_____( drive )the car carelessly was later fired.

4. English is spoken in Australia, so we call the country an English-_speaking_______(speak) country.

5. The English ___spoken_______ ( speak )in England is quite different from American English.

6. I found the cup __broken________ ( break ).

7. I found the book I gave him still _lying_________ ( lie ) where it was.

8. Can you hear him __singing________ (sing ) in the next room?

9. I have heard the song __sung________ ( sing ) in English.

5)    作状语的区别

                    ①    不定式、动词-ing形式以及过去分词都可以做结果状语。

不定式作结果状语通常用于固定句式中，它位于句尾单独做结果状语时，其前不用逗号隔开。

What have I said to make you so angry?   (不定式作结果状语，与主语在逻辑上含主谓关系)

His father left home, never to be heard from again.   (不定式作结果状语，与主语在逻辑上含动宾关系)

动词-ing形式和过去分词作结果状语时，动词-ing形式与主语含主谓关系，过去分词与主语含动宾关系。

Her mother died in 1989, leaving her with four younger brothers and sisters.  

(动词-ing作结果状语，与主语在逻辑上含主谓关系)

The eggs fell to the ground, broken.   (过去分词作结果状语，与主语在逻辑上含动宾关系)

                    ②    动词-ing形式和过去分词做状语的异同。

动词-ing形式和过去分词在句中都可以做状语，选用哪一种，关键要看非谓语动词与主语的关系，是主谓关系就用动词-ing形式，是动宾关系就用过去分词。

Walking in the park, she saw an old friend.   (she与waking含主谓关系)

Seen from space, the earth looks blue.   (seen与earth含动宾关系)

有时为了强调被动的动作已完成，可以用“have been+过去分词”来代替过去分词。

Having been delayed for an hour, the plane took off at four o’clock.   (delay与plane含动宾关系)

练习（一）

1. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just __C__ a look at the sports stars.

   A. had         B. having             C. to have         D. have

2. He was too excited ____B_____.   

   A. speak   B. to speak   C. not to speak   D. speaking

3. That box is__   A   __.   

   A. too heavy for me to carry               B. too heavy for me to carry it

   C. so heavy for me to carry                  D. very heavy for me to carry

4. He is very busy ____ his papers。 He is far too busy ____ callers.

A） to write ；to receive      B） writing ；to receive

C） writing ；receiving       D） to write ；for receiving

练习（二）

1. The teacher asked us to make sentences __using________( use ) this expression.

5. The trainer came into the room, _followed_________( follow ) by a team of dogs.

6. The dogs entered, ___following_______( follow ) their trainer.

7. __Seeing________(see )the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.

8. __Seen________( see ) from space , the earth looks like a huge water-covered ball.

9. My sister went away, __biting_________ (bite ) her lips and__trying________ ( try ) not to weep.

10. I noticed them ___sitting_______( sit ) in the corner, talking about the secret.

11. I noticed them __seated________ ( seat ) in the corner, talking about the secret.

12. China is the largest country in Asia, __covering________ cover ) 9,600,000 square kilometers.

13. ___Covered___ (cover ) with ice, the road was too slippery to walk on.

综合练习

1. It will take several weeks for your computer to ___be repaired___ (repair).

2. He seems __to have been published___（punish) by his teacher yesterday.

3. A vote is required ____to be taken___(take) in our company at once.

4. This makes it possible for them __to make_(make) metals into any required shapes.

5. Dick sped on the motorway only__to be fined__ (fine).

6. When some money went missing from the bank, Thomas was believed ___to have stolen___ (steal) it.

7. I hope __to be admitted____ (admit) to Zhongshan University.

8. The book is said to ___have been translated______(translate) into several languages.

9. I feel greatly honored ___to be welcomed___(welcome) into their society .

10. Come on! It is an easy sentence__ to translate_____ (translate).

11.When I came in, he pretended to __be reading__.(read)

12. What he hoped was ____to be admitted__________(admit) into the university

13. My advisor encouraged me ___to take______(take) a summer course to improve my writing skills.

14.___To save_______(save ) the badly sick lady, the doctor had an operation on her.

15. He was too frightened __to say___   (say) anything.

16. My grandmother seems to have a lot ___to worry____ (worry) about.

17. I am going to the post office. Do you have any letter ____to be posted__________(post)?

18. You are lucky enough ______not to have been caught_____(not catch) in the rain.

翻译练习（非谓语动词）

1. 从观众的掌声判断,他的告别演出非常成功。 （judge）

Judging from the loud applause from the audience, his farewell performance is very successful.

2. 知道了这孩子生病，父母马上送他到医院。（ send）

Knowing that the child was ill, his parents sent him to hospital at once.

3. 考虑到他的实用价值，这本书值得一读。( worth)

Considering its practical value, the book is well worth reading.

4.在许多证据面前，那人不得不承认那是他第五次在夜里抢劫别人。( face)

Facing/faced with so much evidence, the man had to admit that it was the fifth time that he had robbed people at night.

5.实现这一目标的最好办法是尽量多团结人。( accomplish)

The best way to accomplish this goal is to unite as many people as possible.

6.我已安排好一辆车去车站接他们。( arrange)

I have arranged for a car to pick them up at the railway station.

7.中国成为2008 年奥运会的主办国是当之无愧的。( deserve)

China fully deserves to be the host nation of the Olympic Games in 2008.

8.充分利用时间并不意味着从早到晚不停的看书。( mean)

Making full use of time doesn't mean keeping reading books from morning till night

9.他喜欢嘲笑别人，结果发现自己被别人嘲笑。( find)

He enjoys laughing at others, only to find himself laughed at.

10.与他原来的期待相反，做这个工作需要经常乘飞机出国。 ( involve)

Contrary to what he expected, to undertake the job involves constantly going abroad by air.

11.勿容置疑，青少年过渡玩电子游戏机对他们的身心极其有害。（ harmful）

Undoubtedly/There is no doubt that/ the youngsters' playing video games too much is extremely harmful to their physical and mental development.

12.非常感谢你给我提供了这么好的练习口语的机会。 （appreciate）

I appreciate it very much that you provide me with such a good opportunity to practice speaking English.( I appreciate your kindness in providing me….

13.为了解决一系列的社会问题， 他们决定在政府的支持下建立更多的养老院。( set up)

With the help of the government they decided to set up more nursing homes for the old in order to solve a series of social problems.

14.如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。 (Given)

Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.

15.虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（risk）

Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.

16. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。(Filled)

Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.